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Liquid ink electrostatic printer[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012)
Liquid ink electrostatic printers use a chemical coated
paper, which is charged by the print head according to the image of the
document. The paper is passed near a pool of liquid ink with the opposite
charge. The charged areas of the paper attract the ink and thus form the image.
This process was developed from the process of electrostatic copying.[7] Color
reproduction is very accurate, and because there is no heating the scale
distortion is less than ±0.1%. (All laser printers have an accuracy of ±1%.)
Worldwide, most survey offices used this printer before
color inkjet plotters become popular. Liquid ink electrostatic printers were
mostly available in 36 to 54 inches (910 to 1,370 mm) width and also 6 color
printing. These were also used to print large billboards. It was first
introduced by Versatec, which was later bought by Xerox. 3M also used to make
these printers.[8]
Other printers[edit]
A number of other sorts of printers are important for
historical reasons, or for special purpose uses:
Digital minilab (photographic paper)
Electrolytic printers
Spark printer
Barcode printer multiple technologies, including: thermal
printing, inkjet printing, and laser printing barcodes
Billboard / sign paint spray printers
Laser etching (product packaging) industrial printers
Microsphere (special paper)
Attributes[edit]
Printer controls[edit]
Most printers other than line printers accept control
characters or unique character sequences to control various printer functions.
These may range from shifting from lower to upper case or from black to red
ribbon on typewriter printers to switching fonts and changing character sizes
and colors on raster printers. Early printer controls were not standardized,
with each manufacturer's equipment having its own set. The IBM Personal Printer
Data Stream (PPDS) became a commonly used command set for dot-matrix printers.
Most laser printers offered compatibility with Hewlett-Packard's Printer
Command Language (PCL). As printers incorporated more computing power page
description languages such as PostScript have become more widely used.
Printing speed[edit]
The speed of early printers was measured in units of
characters per minute (cpm) for character printers, or lines per minute (lpm)
for line printers. Modern printers are measured in pages per minute (ppm).
These measures are used primarily as a marketing tool, and are not as well
standardised as toner yields. Usually pages per minute refers to sparse
monochrome office documents, rather than dense pictures which usually print
much more slowly, especially colour images. PPM are most of the time referring
to A4 paper in Europe and letter paper in the United States, resulting in a
5-10% difference.
Sales[edit]
Since 2005, the world's top selling brand of inkjet and
laser printers has been HP which now has 46% of sales in inkjet and 55.5% in
laser printers.[9]
Printing mode[edit]
The data received by a printer may be:
A string of characters
A bitmapped image
A vector image
A computer program written in a page description language,
such as PCL or PostScript
Some printers can process all three types of data, others not.
Character printers, such as daisy wheel printers, can handle
only plain text data or rather simple point plots.
Pen plotters typically process vector images. Inkjet based
plotters can adequately reproduce all four.[citation needed]
Modern printing technology, such as laser printers and
inkjet printers, can adequately reproduce all four. This is especially true of
printers equipped with support for PCL or PostScript, which includes the vast
majority of printers produced today.
Today it is possible to print everything (even plain text)
by sending ready bitmapped images to the printer. This allows better control
over formatting, especially among machines from different vendors. Many printer
drivers do not use the text mode at all, even if the printer is capable of
it.[citation needed]
Monochrome, colour and photo printers[edit]
A monochrome printer can only produce an image consisting of
one colour, usually black. A monochrome printer may also be able to produce
various tones of that color, such as a grey-scale. A colour printer can produce
images of multiple colours. A photo printer is a colour printer that can
produce images that mimic the colour range (gamut) and resolution of prints
made from photographic film. Many can be used on a standalone basis without a
computer, using a memory card or USB connector.
Business model[edit]
Often the "razor and blades" business model is
applied. That is, a company may sell a printer at cost, and make profits on the
ink cartridge, paper, or some other replacement part. This has caused legal
disputes regarding the right of companies other than the printer manufacturer
to sell compatible ink cartridges. To protect their business model, several
manufacturers invest heavily in developing new cartridge technology and patenting
it.
Other manufacturers, in reaction to the challenges from
using this business model, choose to make more money on printers and less on
the ink, promoting the latter through their advertising campaigns. Finally,
this generates two clearly different proposals: "cheap printer – expensive
ink" or "expensive printer – cheap ink". Ultimately, the
consumer decision depends on their reference interest rate or their time
preference. From an economics viewpoint, there is a clear trade-off between cost
per copy and cost of the printer.[10]
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Nepali actress in bikini
bijita in bikini
Liquid ink electrostatic printer[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012)
Liquid ink electrostatic printers use a chemical coated
paper, which is charged by the print head according to the image of the
document. The paper is passed near a pool of liquid ink with the opposite
charge. The charged areas of the paper attract the ink and thus form the image.
This process was developed from the process of electrostatic copying.[7] Color
reproduction is very accurate, and because there is no heating the scale
distortion is less than ±0.1%. (All laser printers have an accuracy of ±1%.)
Worldwide, most survey offices used this printer before
color inkjet plotters become popular. Liquid ink electrostatic printers were
mostly available in 36 to 54 inches (910 to 1,370 mm) width and also 6 color
printing. These were also used to print large billboards. It was first
introduced by Versatec, which was later bought by Xerox. 3M also used to make
these printers.[8]
Other printers[edit]
A number of other sorts of printers are important for
historical reasons, or for special purpose uses:
Digital minilab (photographic paper)
Electrolytic printers
Spark printer
Barcode printer multiple technologies, including: thermal
printing, inkjet printing, and laser printing barcodes
Billboard / sign paint spray printers
Laser etching (product packaging) industrial printers
Microsphere (special paper)
Attributes[edit]
Printer controls[edit]
Most printers other than line printers accept control
characters or unique character sequences to control various printer functions.
These may range from shifting from lower to upper case or from black to red
ribbon on typewriter printers to switching fonts and changing character sizes
and colors on raster printers. Early printer controls were not standardized,
with each manufacturer's equipment having its own set. The IBM Personal Printer
Data Stream (PPDS) became a commonly used command set for dot-matrix printers.
Most laser printers offered compatibility with Hewlett-Packard's Printer
Command Language (PCL). As printers incorporated more computing power page
description languages such as PostScript have become more widely used.
Printing speed[edit]
The speed of early printers was measured in units of
characters per minute (cpm) for character printers, or lines per minute (lpm)
for line printers. Modern printers are measured in pages per minute (ppm).
These measures are used primarily as a marketing tool, and are not as well
standardised as toner yields. Usually pages per minute refers to sparse
monochrome office documents, rather than dense pictures which usually print
much more slowly, especially colour images. PPM are most of the time referring
to A4 paper in Europe and letter paper in the United States, resulting in a
5-10% difference.
Sales[edit]
Since 2005, the world's top selling brand of inkjet and
laser printers has been HP which now has 46% of sales in inkjet and 55.5% in
laser printers.[9]
Printing mode[edit]
The data received by a printer may be:
A string of characters
A bitmapped image
A vector image
A computer program written in a page description language,
such as PCL or PostScript
Some printers can process all three types of data, others not.
Character printers, such as daisy wheel printers, can handle
only plain text data or rather simple point plots.
Pen plotters typically process vector images. Inkjet based
plotters can adequately reproduce all four.[citation needed]
Modern printing technology, such as laser printers and
inkjet printers, can adequately reproduce all four. This is especially true of
printers equipped with support for PCL or PostScript, which includes the vast
majority of printers produced today.
Today it is possible to print everything (even plain text)
by sending ready bitmapped images to the printer. This allows better control
over formatting, especially among machines from different vendors. Many printer
drivers do not use the text mode at all, even if the printer is capable of
it.[citation needed]
Monochrome, colour and photo printers[edit]
A monochrome printer can only produce an image consisting of
one colour, usually black. A monochrome printer may also be able to produce
various tones of that color, such as a grey-scale. A colour printer can produce
images of multiple colours. A photo printer is a colour printer that can
produce images that mimic the colour range (gamut) and resolution of prints
made from photographic film. Many can be used on a standalone basis without a
computer, using a memory card or USB connector.
Business model[edit]
Often the "razor and blades" business model is
applied. That is, a company may sell a printer at cost, and make profits on the
ink cartridge, paper, or some other replacement part. This has caused legal
disputes regarding the right of companies other than the printer manufacturer
to sell compatible ink cartridges. To protect their business model, several
manufacturers invest heavily in developing new cartridge technology and patenting
it.
Other manufacturers, in reaction to the challenges from
using this business model, choose to make more money on printers and less on
the ink, promoting the latter through their advertising campaigns. Finally,
this generates two clearly different proposals: "cheap printer – expensive
ink" or "expensive printer – cheap ink". Ultimately, the
consumer decision depends on their reference interest rate or their time
preference. From an economics viewpoint, there is a clear trade-off between cost
per copy and cost of the printer.[10]
Liquid ink electrostatic printer[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012)
Liquid ink electrostatic printers use a chemical coated
paper, which is charged by the print head according to the image of the
document. The paper is passed near a pool of liquid ink with the opposite
charge. The charged areas of the paper attract the ink and thus form the image.
This process was developed from the process of electrostatic copying.[7] Color
reproduction is very accurate, and because there is no heating the scale
distortion is less than ±0.1%. (All laser printers have an accuracy of ±1%.)
Worldwide, most survey offices used this printer before
color inkjet plotters become popular. Liquid ink electrostatic printers were
mostly available in 36 to 54 inches (910 to 1,370 mm) width and also 6 color
printing. These were also used to print large billboards. It was first
introduced by Versatec, which was later bought by Xerox. 3M also used to make
these printers.[8]
Other printers[edit]
A number of other sorts of printers are important for
historical reasons, or for special purpose uses:
Digital minilab (photographic paper)
Electrolytic printers
Spark printer
Barcode printer multiple technologies, including: thermal
printing, inkjet printing, and laser printing barcodes
Billboard / sign paint spray printers
Laser etching (product packaging) industrial printers
Microsphere (special paper)
Attributes[edit]
Printer controls[edit]
Most printers other than line printers accept control
characters or unique character sequences to control various printer functions.
These may range from shifting from lower to upper case or from black to red
ribbon on typewriter printers to switching fonts and changing character sizes
and colors on raster printers. Early printer controls were not standardized,
with each manufacturer's equipment having its own set. The IBM Personal Printer
Data Stream (PPDS) became a commonly used command set for dot-matrix printers.
Most laser printers offered compatibility with Hewlett-Packard's Printer
Command Language (PCL). As printers incorporated more computing power page
description languages such as PostScript have become more widely used.
Printing speed[edit]
The speed of early printers was measured in units of
characters per minute (cpm) for character printers, or lines per minute (lpm)
for line printers. Modern printers are measured in pages per minute (ppm).
These measures are used primarily as a marketing tool, and are not as well
standardised as toner yields. Usually pages per minute refers to sparse
monochrome office documents, rather than dense pictures which usually print
much more slowly, especially colour images. PPM are most of the time referring
to A4 paper in Europe and letter paper in the United States, resulting in a
5-10% difference.
Sales[edit]
Since 2005, the world's top selling brand of inkjet and
laser printers has been HP which now has 46% of sales in inkjet and 55.5% in
laser printers.[9]
Printing mode[edit]
The data received by a printer may be:
A string of characters
A bitmapped image
A vector image
A computer program written in a page description language,
such as PCL or PostScript
Some printers can process all three types of data, others not.
Character printers, such as daisy wheel printers, can handle
only plain text data or rather simple point plots.
Pen plotters typically process vector images. Inkjet based
plotters can adequately reproduce all four.[citation needed]
Modern printing technology, such as laser printers and
inkjet printers, can adequately reproduce all four. This is especially true of
printers equipped with support for PCL or PostScript, which includes the vast
majority of printers produced today.
Today it is possible to print everything (even plain text)
by sending ready bitmapped images to the printer. This allows better control
over formatting, especially among machines from different vendors. Many printer
drivers do not use the text mode at all, even if the printer is capable of
it.[citation needed]
Monochrome, colour and photo printers[edit]
A monochrome printer can only produce an image consisting of
one colour, usually black. A monochrome printer may also be able to produce
various tones of that color, such as a grey-scale. A colour printer can produce
images of multiple colours. A photo printer is a colour printer that can
produce images that mimic the colour range (gamut) and resolution of prints
made from photographic film. Many can be used on a standalone basis without a
computer, using a memory card or USB connector.
Business model[edit]
Often the "razor and blades" business model is
applied. That is, a company may sell a printer at cost, and make profits on the
ink cartridge, paper, or some other replacement part. This has caused legal
disputes regarding the right of companies other than the printer manufacturer
to sell compatible ink cartridges. To protect their business model, several
manufacturers invest heavily in developing new cartridge technology and patenting
it.
Other manufacturers, in reaction to the challenges from
using this business model, choose to make more money on printers and less on
the ink, promoting the latter through their advertising campaigns. Finally,
this generates two clearly different proposals: "cheap printer – expensive
ink" or "expensive printer – cheap ink". Ultimately, the
consumer decision depends on their reference interest rate or their time
preference. From an economics viewpoint, there is a clear trade-off between cost
per copy and cost of the printer.[10]
Liquid ink electrostatic printer[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012)
Liquid ink electrostatic printers use a chemical coated
paper, which is charged by the print head according to the image of the
document. The paper is passed near a pool of liquid ink with the opposite
charge. The charged areas of the paper attract the ink and thus form the image.
This process was developed from the process of electrostatic copying.[7] Color
reproduction is very accurate, and because there is no heating the scale
distortion is less than ±0.1%. (All laser printers have an accuracy of ±1%.)
Worldwide, most survey offices used this printer before
color inkjet plotters become popular. Liquid ink electrostatic printers were
mostly available in 36 to 54 inches (910 to 1,370 mm) width and also 6 color
printing. These were also used to print large billboards. It was first
introduced by Versatec, which was later bought by Xerox. 3M also used to make
these printers.[8]
Other printers[edit]
A number of other sorts of printers are important for
historical reasons, or for special purpose uses:
Digital minilab (photographic paper)
Electrolytic printers
Spark printer
Barcode printer multiple technologies, including: thermal
printing, inkjet printing, and laser printing barcodes
Billboard / sign paint spray printers
Laser etching (product packaging) industrial printers
Microsphere (special paper)
Attributes[edit]
Printer controls[edit]
Most printers other than line printers accept control
characters or unique character sequences to control various printer functions.
These may range from shifting from lower to upper case or from black to red
ribbon on typewriter printers to switching fonts and changing character sizes
and colors on raster printers. Early printer controls were not standardized,
with each manufacturer's equipment having its own set. The IBM Personal Printer
Data Stream (PPDS) became a commonly used command set for dot-matrix printers.
Most laser printers offered compatibility with Hewlett-Packard's Printer
Command Language (PCL). As printers incorporated more computing power page
description languages such as PostScript have become more widely used.
Printing speed[edit]
The speed of early printers was measured in units of
characters per minute (cpm) for character printers, or lines per minute (lpm)
for line printers. Modern printers are measured in pages per minute (ppm).
These measures are used primarily as a marketing tool, and are not as well
standardised as toner yields. Usually pages per minute refers to sparse
monochrome office documents, rather than dense pictures which usually print
much more slowly, especially colour images. PPM are most of the time referring
to A4 paper in Europe and letter paper in the United States, resulting in a
5-10% difference.
Sales[edit]
Since 2005, the world's top selling brand of inkjet and
laser printers has been HP which now has 46% of sales in inkjet and 55.5% in
laser printers.[9]
Printing mode[edit]
The data received by a printer may be:
A string of characters
A bitmapped image
A vector image
A computer program written in a page description language,
such as PCL or PostScript
Some printers can process all three types of data, others not.
Character printers, such as daisy wheel printers, can handle
only plain text data or rather simple point plots.
Pen plotters typically process vector images. Inkjet based
plotters can adequately reproduce all four.[citation needed]
Modern printing technology, such as laser printers and
inkjet printers, can adequately reproduce all four. This is especially true of
printers equipped with support for PCL or PostScript, which includes the vast
majority of printers produced today.
Today it is possible to print everything (even plain text)
by sending ready bitmapped images to the printer. This allows better control
over formatting, especially among machines from different vendors. Many printer
drivers do not use the text mode at all, even if the printer is capable of
it.[citation needed]
Monochrome, colour and photo printers[edit]
A monochrome printer can only produce an image consisting of
one colour, usually black. A monochrome printer may also be able to produce
various tones of that color, such as a grey-scale. A colour printer can produce
images of multiple colours. A photo printer is a colour printer that can
produce images that mimic the colour range (gamut) and resolution of prints
made from photographic film. Many can be used on a standalone basis without a
computer, using a memory card or USB connector.
Business model[edit]
Often the "razor and blades" business model is
applied. That is, a company may sell a printer at cost, and make profits on the
ink cartridge, paper, or some other replacement part. This has caused legal
disputes regarding the right of companies other than the printer manufacturer
to sell compatible ink cartridges. To protect their business model, several
manufacturers invest heavily in developing new cartridge technology and patenting
it.
Other manufacturers, in reaction to the challenges from
using this business model, choose to make more money on printers and less on
the ink, promoting the latter through their advertising campaigns. Finally,
this generates two clearly different proposals: "cheap printer – expensive
ink" or "expensive printer – cheap ink". Ultimately, the
consumer decision depends on their reference interest rate or their time
preference. From an economics viewpoint, there is a clear trade-off between cost
per copy and cost of the printer.[10]
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